Accounting coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Bookkeeping - Coursework Example Mr. Joseph, store deals work force, created  £ 10,000 income for February, 2015. Then again, Ms. Gina, another business work force appointed to another city part of a similar organization, produce  £ 50,000 income during a similar timespan. On the off chance that the company’s deals benchmark for each store deals worker is  £ 40,000 every month, Mr. Joseph’s deals techniques didn't successfully meet the necessary month to month income benchmark. Then again, Ms. Gina’s deals procedures adequately met the month to month required income benchmark (Chapman, 2011). 1. Business substances endeavor to produce higher proficiency and viability levels to build incomes (Chapman, 2011). By playing out a similar assignment inside lesser timeframe, the organization can sell more items. Setting aside lesser effort to serve each customer’s store needs permits similar deals work force to serve more clients. Serving more clients will regularly prompt more incomes. By lessening work time to the least conceivable length, the store’s by and large incomes will without a doubt increment. 2. Business substances endeavor to produce higher productivity and adequacy levels to augment costs (Chapman, 2011). By utilizing lesser compensation cost, power cost, water, cost, fix cost, promoting cost, and other related operational expense, the organization can set aside cash. The set aside cash decreases the advance sum required by the organization for business extensions to different urban areas or countries. 3. Business elements endeavor to produce higher productivity and viability levels to expand overall gain figures (Chapman, 2011). With lesser time utilized and with lesser cost sums, the budget summaries of the organizations will show that the company’s total compensation is favouraby higher than when cash is pointlessly squandered on superfluous power, wage, and other creation and conceivably promoting costs. The above table 1 obviously shows United

Wiesels Night Is About What The Holocaust Did, Not Just To The Jews, B

Wiesel's Night is about what the Holocaust did, to the Jews, yet by expansion, to mankind. Individuals everywhere throughout the world were crushed by this abominable demonstration, and there are still individuals today who haven't conquer the impacts. One case of the appalling demonstrations of the Germans that stands apart happens toward the finish of the war, when Elie and the remainder of the camp of Buna is being compelled to move to Gleiwitz. This exchange is a long, strenuous, and tiring excursion for all that are included. The climate is horrendously cold, and snow fell intensely; the separation is more noteworthy than the vast majority today will even fantasy about strolling. The immense mass of individuals is frequently compelled to run, and on the off chance that one breakdown, is harmed, or essentially can no longer bear the agony, they are shot or stomped on without feel sorry for. A picture that makes sure about itself in Elie's memory is that of Rabbi Eliahou's child's leaving the Rabbi for dead. The dad and child are running together when the dad starts to become tired. As the Rabbi falls more distant and more distant behind his child, his child runs on, professing not to perceive what is befalling his dad. This exhibition causes Elie to consider what he would do if his dad at any point became as frail as the Rabbi did. He concludes that he could never leave his dad, regardless of whether remaining with him would be the reason for his passing. The German powers are so skilled at breaking the spirits of the Jews that we can see the impacts all through Elie's epic. Elie's confidence in God, over every other thing, is solid at the beginning of the novel, yet becomes more fragile as it goes on. We see this when Elie's dad pleasantly asks the vagabond where the restrooms are. Not exclusively does the vagabond not beauty his dad with a reaction, yet he likewise conveys a hit to his head that sent him to the floor. Elie watches the whole display, yet doesn't squint. He understands that nothing, not even his confidence in God, can spare him from the physical discipline that would anticipate him in the event that he attempted to counterattack the vagabond. In the event that the tramp's assault had come only one day sooner, Elie most likely would have struck back. In any case, the impact of the profound beating by the Germans was at that point being felt. The occurrence that maybe has the best impact on Elie is the hanging of the pipel. He is a little youngster with an honest face who is sentenced to death since he is ensnared in a connivance, which brings about a German structure being wrecked. At the point when the ideal opportunity for the hanging draws near, the Lagerkapo won't kick out the seat, so SS officials are relegated to do it. Not at all like the necks of those he is hanged with, the little fellow's neck doesn't break when he falls, and he languishes over a half-hour. The enduring of the kid is equivalent to the enduring suffered by numerous Jews during the Holocaust. He battled for his life, now and again in any event, seeing a touch of expectation, just to be pulverized at long last. The Jews battled for all that they had, from their assets toward the start, to their lives toward the end. The outcome, notwithstanding, was the equivalent. Toward the finish of the war, Elie investigates the mirror, and says he saw a carcass. This carcass is Elie's body, however it has been looted of its spirit. This is like the misfortune endured by individuals everywhere throughout the world. Those not straightforwardly engaged with the Holocaust were as yet alive truly, however their psyche and soul had for some time been dead. Before the finish of the war, Elie loses the entirety of his confidence in God and his individual man, and this is the most troublesome impediment to beat when he is discharged.

Putting Diversity into Context

Putting Diversity into Context I read a recent NY Times piece, dealing with multiracial students and the dilemma of racial identification on college application forms, with great interest. In my role as the Director of Minority Recruitment, I have fielded numerous calls and emails soliciting advice on how to complete the race and ethnicity section of the MIT admission application. When the questions began, I will admit to being a little perplexed by what seemed to be widespread confusion. When I was a kid, I recall having to identify my race on all kinds of forms, including standardized tests, long before I contemplated completing an application for college admission. From my perspective, checking the box, or boxes to indicate one’s race should be as automatic as providing one’s name. As Chris Peterson, once put it, “If you have to pause, for more than a second or two, to pick your race or ethnicity, youre doing it wrong.” If anything, the ability to check multiple boxes should make it easier to identify ones race. In my experience, individuals from multiracial backgrounds resented having to choose one race over another, and now they no longer have to. While I try to avoid being overly cynical, it has been my sense that very little of the confusion is actually about racial identity and identification.  In reality, most of the confusion is about how to best leverage a dimension of ones personal background to maximize the likelihood of admission in a highly selective college admissions process. Instinctively, I knew this to be true, but most students are unwilling to state this outright. In that respect, I appreciate the spotlight that is now shining brightly on this issue. My concern is that the spotlight is focused on the wrong area. Many colleges and universities value multiple forms of diversity in their student populations. This diversity may include students that are first-generation to college, students from a variety of geographical regions, students from different racial and ethnic backgrounds or any number of other qualities and characteristics. While ones race can certainly come into play in a college admissions decision, the actual impact bears no resemblance to the common perception that checking a single box somehow guarantees a pathway to admission. What most people either fail to recognize or appreciate, is that amongst a host of factors ranging from academic preparation to institutional priorities, the factor that is both most salient, and most likely to swing an admission decision in a highly selective process, is what an applicant makes of the opportunities that are available to them. While I acknowledge that this may seem like an oversimplification, it takes into account both the disadvantages that one may have to cope with as a function of coming from a low-income family or attending an under-resourced school, as well as the advantages that one might experience living in a highly educated household or attending an affluent suburban high school. Regardless of one’s background, if an applicant maximizes the opportunities that are available to them, they should be a viable candidate for admission to a highly selective college or university because they are likely to both take advantage of the myriad opportunities that exist in those settings and have a positive impact on the campus community. If an applicant has to create their own opportunities because none are available to them, admissions officers typically get excited about the prospect of such a student stepping foot onto a resource and opportunity rich campus. Conversely, if an applicant has abundant opportunities and chooses to pass on them, they are likely increasing the chances that an admissions committee at a highly selective institution is going to choose to pass on their application. Most institutions that place a premium on diversity utilize a much broader definition of diversity than what can be captured or satisfied by a simple check box. The most selective institutions scrutinize applications with sufficient rigor to easily differentiate between disingenuous applicants, who are simply looking for an edge in the admissions process, and the authentic applicants that are the most likely to truly enrich the incoming class and the greater campus community.

Buddism Essay - 969 Words

Buddism Buddhism is probably the most tolerant religion of the world, as the teaching can coexist with any other religion. Other religions however, aim to be restricted and cannot accommodate Buddhism at the same time. The Buddhist teaching on God - in the sense of an ultimate Reality - is neither skeptic (as is sometimes claimed), nor vague, but clear and logical. That we can neither define, describe, nor usefully discuss the nature of that which is beyond the perception of our infinite consciousness. It may be indicated by negatives and described indirectly by analogy and symbols, but otherwise it must ever remain in its truest sense unknown and unexpressed, as being to us in our present state unknowable. In the same way, Buddhism†¦show more content†¦At the age of twenty-nine, he decided to leave his palace and enter the homeless life of a monk to seek the truth and find a way to salvation for all conscious and alive beings. In his search for salvation among the teachers, he surpassed them and found that their doctrines were insufficient, not leading to awakening, to extinction and to enlightenment and insight. He departed those teachers and turned to practice self-mastery for six years with great willingness and effort. Buddha met five holy men who offered their services to him, and finally, the Buddha realized that the ascetic exercises were not the right way to attain salvation. He had practiced self-mastery to the limit of his endurance and felt very weakened without achieving anything. So, he partook of food, regained strength and began to practice meditation which finally led to His enlightenment under the Holy Bodi tree near the town of Uruvela, the present Buddha-Gaya when he was only thirty-five years old. The Four Noble truths 1. The Noble Truth of Suffering: Rebirth, old age, disease, death, sorrow, lamention, pain, grief and despair, association with objects we dislike, separation from objects we love, not to obtain what one desires cause suffering. 2. The Noble Truth of The Arising of Suffering: The Threefold Craving leads every being from birth to birth and is accompanied by joy andShow MoreRelatedA Comparative Analysis of Hinduism, and Buddism1481 Words   |  6 PagesAttempt a comparative analysis of Hinduism, and Buddhism with reference to their origins, beliefs, and practices Hinduism is an ancient religion whose origin and founder are not known. Hinduism is a combination of all types of different religious beliefs and philosophies that developed thousands of years ago, in India. All Hindus do not practice or follow the same doctrines. Although most follow the teachings of the Vedas, which is a collection of sacred texts, there are many differentRead MoreBuddism versus Hinduism Essay1028 Words   |  5 PagesBuddhism vs Hinduism Hinduism and Buddhism are the two main religions of Ancient India. Both religions share Common beliefs but also have their differences. Some differences are the deities worshipped, the founders of the religions, sacred writings observed, and meditation practices. Through out this essay we will explore and compare the similarities and the differences in both of these religions. Hinduism Religion In the Hindu religion, the founder was not one person alone. It isRead MoreEssay on Religious Tradition of Nirvana in Hinduism and Buddism1317 Words   |  6 PagesThe word nirvana is heard pretty often. For example, people might say theyve achieved nirvana when theyre really happy or they might talk about going to nirvana as an eternal reward after death. Then, of course, there’s the rock band who adopted the term Nirvana with a certain amount of irony. Furthermore, the word is fully imbedded in the modern vocabulary. But in reality, to most people in ¬ the Western world, religious nirvana is a total mystery. Both known religious traditions Hinduism andRead MoreAn Analytical Field Report On Buddhism1532 Words   |  7 PagesBUssuis as whole and end by making the pint that it is possible to maintain the tradisiton values in a modern American world. Shin Buddism was the frsit branch of Buddism that told hold outside of Asia in the Unites states in the late 1800’s. Unlike other small groups of temples in the west primarily focused on serving the Japanese-American community, Shin Buddism It was also one of the first braced to reach out to westerns. as a result of its welcoming takes its popular grew and in the 1930’sRead MoreThe Buddha Vairocana And Buddhism1598 Words   |  7 Pagespervasive in all the quality (wisdom) of Buddha. (Swanson, 2011) Commentaries and believes on identity of Buddha Vairocana differs within each sects. Vairocana’s wrath nirmÄ nakÄ ya (embodiment) is known to be Fudo (acalanÄ tha), the central Guardian in Buddism who have once yielded MaheÅ›vara. In Japanese, Shingo masters believe Amitabha (bishop of pure land school) is Vairocana’s nirmÄ nakÄ ya. And in Pure land School in Ming Dynasty, the Master LianChièŽ ²Ã¦ ±   admits a similar opinion that all five Dhyani BuddhasRead MoreTHich Nhat Hanh: The Creator of Engaged Buddhism Essay618 Words   |  3 PagesThich Nhat Hanh...The creator of engaged Buddism Thich Nhat Hanh is a Vietnamese monk and a peace activist. Thich or Thay in Vietnamese means teacher. He is an author of more than 100 books and was nominated for the nobel prize by Martin Luther King Jr. His life has since been dedicated to the work of inner transformation for the benefit of individuals and society. Nhat Hanh was born in the city of Quá º £ng Ngà £i in Central Vietnam in 1926. He was inspired to become a monk when he was seven. He sawRead MoreCurrent Issues Paper and Class Handout861 Words   |  4 PagesElton Shaw March 17, 2015 Instructor: Susan Cameron CURRENT ISSUES PAPER 2 Intro As one of the most popular religions in the entire world, Buddism is believed to be originated by Siddhattha Gotama, also referred to as Siddhartha Gautama, 2500 years ago in Northern India (Religious Tolerance,  2015).  More than 75% of its followers are from the Far East. Burma, Korea, Japan, China and Sri LankaRead MoreIndigeneism In Eden Robertsons Monkey Beach961 Words   |  4 Pageswestern society wanting control, she has removed herself from the idea of spirits and having a physical connection to them. Lisamaries spiritual connection indicated that Lisamarie is a Shaman, which to Haisla culture can be compared to Buddha from the Buddism culture. ‘ma-ma-oo glanced at me†¦ get hunches? (p 153 paragraphs 1-11) this shows the connection that lisamarie and her grandmother have not only with each other but with the spirit world. Ma-ma-oo consoles Lisamarie and tells her that what westernRead MoreBrazil s Independence Of Brazil996 Words   |  4 Pages90% of the population has some religious association. There are many different religions in Brazil, but the two largest religious groups are Roman Catholics that make up 64.6% and Protestant that make up 22.2%. Other religions consist of Judaism, Buddism, and Jehovah Witnesses (cia.gov, 2016). One would think that since Brazil is a melting pot of different people, there wouldn t be any major social issues, but poverty, crime, and lack of education are serious here in Brazil. The top 10% own 40% ofRead MoreBuddhism and Hinduism in America Essay907 Words   |  4 Pagesemptiness together. This meditation is often very rigorous, and can last long hours. This shock therapy is used to stop the mind dead in its tracks to bring about this state of nirvana, which is really emptiness. They have sutras or sacred texts in Buddism, but Zen devotees look more onto their meditations, mantras, and leaders for authority. Zen teachings are not drawn from text but rather from mind to mind. A great sense of lineage is found in Zen. Every Zen master is thought to be the actual Buddha

Female Relationships in Shakespeares Taming of the Shrew...

Female Relationships in Shakespeares Taming of the Shrew and A Midsummer Nights Dream Often in literature, parallels are used to accentuate certain things. William Shakespeare utilizes this tool in both The Taming of the Shrew and A Midsummer Nights Dream. In both of these comedic plays, there is a set of women who are at odds with each other. These relationships can be compared and contrasted in different aspects. In Shakespeares, The Taming of the Shrew the relationship between the sisters Katherine and Bianca appears to be strained with rampant jealousy. Both daughters fight for the attentions of their father. In twisted parallel roles, they take turns being demure and hag-like. Father of the two, Baptista Minola, fusses†¦show more content†¦Petruccio sees dollar signs and rushes forth in grand dress and eloquent mannerisms to court the gracious Kate. When he first begins his ritual of winning the family and Katherine to his love, he is seeking his fortune in her dowry. The mention of her being at all undesirable does not put rocks in his path. He spea ks of One rich enough to be Petruccios wife, as wealth is burden of my wooing dance be she as foul as was Florentius love, as old as Sibyl, and as curst and shrewd as Socrates Xanthippe or a worse, she moves me not or not removes at least affections edge in me, were she as rough as are the swelling Adriatic Seas. (1.2.65-71) Petruccio comes calling for the older sister, and Bianca in turn sneaks about with Lucentio who is dressed in scholars clothing. They pretend to be working on Latin and fool her father with disguises and books while romancing the entire time. Katherine is honest in her words and deeds. She does not wish to be teased or tormented and flees from Petruccios twisted words. Kate and Bianca trade roles at this time and the dainty, controlled sister is Kate. The bolder, out-spokenShow MoreRelatedAnalysis : Shake And Stir Theatre Company1620 Words   |  7 Pagescompelling theatrical voice which aspires to render Shakespeare’s plays to appease modern audiences. However, William Shakespeare penned his last play 400 years ago; despite this, his plays and sonnets are as alive today as they were in the 16th and 17th Centuries. Shakespeare’s plays still appeal to modern society because of the universality of the dramatic themes- desire, domestic relationships, the complications of love and power struggles in relationships - humans still experience these emotions andRead MoreCommon Features of a Shakespeare Comedy1745 Words   |  7 Pagesare peppered with clever word play, metaphors and insults. 1. Love: The theme of love is prevalent in every Shakespeare comedy. Often, we are presented with sets of lovers who, through the course of the play, overcome the obstacles in their relationship and unite. Love in Shakespearean comedy is stronger than the inertia of custom, the power of evil, or the fortunes of chance and time. In all of these plays but one (Troilus and Cressida), the obstacles presented to love are triumphantly overcomeRead MoreA Midsummer Night’s Dream, by William Shakespeare1368 Words   |  6 PagesA Midsummer Night’s Dream A Midsummer Night’s Dream is an enchanting comedy that presents many dominant views widespread in the society of Shakespeare’s time. Ideas of love and romance are central to the play, and notions of gender and male-dominance prevalent at the time surface throughout the text. Modern audiences may find such notions confronting, whereas Jacobeans might find other elements of the play such as the rampant disorder, uncomfortable. Love is one of the central ideologies presentRead MoreShake And Stir By William Shakespeare1234 Words   |  5 PagesShake and Stir Responding Task Shake and Stir Theatre Company is a compelling theatrical voice which aspires to render Shakespeare’s plays to appease modern audiences. However, William Shakespeare penned his last play 400 years ago; despite this, his plays and sonnets are as alive today as they were in the 16th and 17th Centuries. Shakespeare’s plays still appeal to modern society because of the universality of the dramatic themes- love, deceit, political endorsement, honour, ambition and courage-Read MoreAs You Like It a Romantic Comedy1658 Words   |  7 Pageslovers must overcome obstacles and misunderstandings before being united in harmonious union. The ending frequently involves a parade of couples to the altar and a festive mood or actual celebration (expressed in dance, song, feast, etc.) A Midsummer Nights Dream has four such couples (not counting Pyramus and Thisbe!); As You Like It has four; Twelfth Night has three; etc. Frequently (but not always), it contains elements of the improbable, the fantastic, the supernatural, or the miraculous, e.g.Read MoreSocial Status in Shakespeares Plays2035 Words   |  9 PagesIn Shakespeares time, the English lived with a strong sense of social class -- of belonging to a particular group because of occupation, wealth, and ancestry. Elizabethan Society had a very strict social code at the time that Shakespeare was writing his plays. Social class could determine all sorts of things, from what a person could wear to where he could live to what jobs his children could get. Some families moved from one class to another, but most people were born into a particular class andRead More Social Status in Shakespeares Plays Essay examples1998 Words   |  8 Pages In Shakespeares time, the English lived with a strong sense of social class -- of belonging to a particular group because of occupation, wealth, and ancestry. Elizabethan Society had a very strict social code at t he time that Shakespeare was writing his plays. Social class could determine all sorts of things, from what a person could wear to where he could live to what jobs his children could get. Some families moved from one class to another, but most people were born into a particular class and

The edocrine system Free Essays

The endocrine system The endocrine system is a collection of ductless glands which are positioned through the whole body. The endocrine glands pass their secretions of hormones directly into the blood stream so that they are always adjacent to blood vessels. Hormones are chemicals in the body produced and secreted in the body that regulate the function of a particular tissue or organ (Bing dictionary). We will write a custom essay sample on The edocrine system or any similar topic only for you Order Now These chemical messengers transfer information from one set of cells to another. Despite many chemicals being transmitted and circulated around the body via the bloodstream, each one only acts n the cells that are genetically programmed to receive and respond to its message. Hormone levels can be influenced by many factors including stress, infection and changes in the balance of fluids within the body. A gland is a group of cells that produce and secrete chemicals (http://kidshealth. org/parent/general/body_basics/ endocrine. html). A gland will select and eliminate waste materials from the blood, then process it and secrete the end product for use at another location in the body. Endocrine glands release more than 20 major hormones straight into the loodstream and from here they can be transported to the cells in other parts of the body. There are many major glands that make up the endocrine system and these include the: hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pineal body and the reproductive glands (testes for males and ovaries for females). The pancreas is also involved in secreting hormones which are involved with the maintaining of blood sugar levels within the body. The pancreas is also associated with the digestive system as it produced hydrolytic enzymes which aid with digestion. Neuro- endocrine system The nervous and endocrine systems control all the biological processes within the body and they can almost control one another. The nervous system can stimulate or inhibit the release of certain hormones while the endocrine system can promote of inhibit nerve impulses. Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is found in the lower part of the brain and is a collection of particular cells. It has key links with the nervous system and the endocrine system and has an important role in secreting hormones. The nerve cells in the hypothalamus control the pituitary gland by producing certain chemicals that can timulate or supress hormone secretions from the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is moderately small and is located at the base of the brain beneath the produced hormones that control other endocrine glands within the body. The hypothalamus can convey information sensed by the brain to the pituitary gland to make any changes that could be influenced by factors like emotions and seasonal changes. The pituitary Gland The pituitary gland is divided into 2 sections: Anterior lobe This regulates the activity of the thyroid, adrenals, and reproductive glands. It also roduces growth hormone which stimulates the growth of bone and other body tissues. It also produces prolactin which stimulates mammary gland growth and activates milk production in females. Thyrotropin is another hormone produced and this stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones. Corticotrophin is produced which causes the adrenal glands to produce certain hormones. Follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH) is also produced and affects ovaries in females and stimulates the development of oocytes. It also affects the testes of males and stimulates the production of sperm. Luteinizing hormone (LH) affects the ovaries in females and stimulates ovulation, the formation of the corpus luteum and results in secretion of oestrogen and progesterone. It affects the testes of males and stimulates the production of testosterone. The pituitary gland also secretes endorphins. These are chemicals that act on the nervous system and allow us to reduce our sensitivity to pain. It also triggers the reproductive organs to release sex hormones such as testosterone in males, and estradiol and progesterone in females which play a part in the menstruation cycle. Posterior lobe This releases antidiuretic hormone and this encourages reabsorption of water by the kidneys. The posterior lobe also produces the hormone called oxytocin and this helps induce labour and produces milk in the mammary glands of females. Another hormone produced in the posterior lobe is Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and this helps with the darkening of the skin. Hull. R, Anatomy Physiology for Beauty and Complementary Therapies, the Write Idea Ltd, 2009) Thyroid The thyroid is positioned in the lower region of the neck at the front and it produces a hormone called thyroxine. This is an amino acid derivative and increases the metabolic rate and heart rate. It also promotes growth within the body. Another development also, and helps with body temperature and plays a role in metabolism. Calcitonin is another hormone formed which targets bones and lowers the level of calcium in the blood. The production and release of these thyroid hormones is controlled by Thyrotropin and this is secreted by the pituitary gland. If a person has more thyroid hormones circulating in the blood stream, the chemical reactions within the body will occur much quicker. Parathyroids There are 4 small glands that are attached to the thyroid called the parathyroids. These release a hormone called parathyroid hormone and this adjusts the level of calcium in the blood with the help of calcitonin, which is also formed in the thyroid. (http://kidshealth. rg/teen/your_body/body_basics/endocrine. html). It also decreases the level of phosphate in the blood and promotes the formation of calcitriol by the kidneys. Thymus The thymus gland plays an important role in the immune system and secretes numerous hormones. One of these is thymosin and this promotes the growth of T- Cells which are a type of white blood cell. (Hull. R, Anatomy Physiology for Beauty and Complementary Therapies, the Write Idea Ltd , 2009). Adrenal Glands The adrenal glands are situated above each kidney and release many hormones that are important in the body. The adrenal glands are divided into 2 sections and each one has a particular function: Adrenal cortex The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones that are essential in the body. These hormones are grouped into mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex hormones. This produces corticosteroids that regulate water and salt balance in the body. They also play a role in the bodys response to stress and help maintain metabolism. The adrenal glands also produce mineralcorticoids (mainly aldosterone) and this acts on the kidneys. It regulates the mineral content of the blood by increasing blood levels of sodium and water, it also decreases blood levels of potassium. Sex hormones called androgens and oestrogens are also produced in the adrenal cortex and these have a small contribution to sex drive and libido. The adrenal medulla in innervated by neurones of the sympathetic branch of the ANS and can quickly release hormones called catecholamines. One example of this is epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) and this produces many effects which are related to short-term stress response. It is also responsible for the â€Å"fght or flight† response which is triggered during times of stress. This increases blood pressure and heart rate (from own personal notes). Another hormone called norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline) plays a role in the body’s response to stress. It decreases the rate of digestion and stimulates cellular metabolism. Pineal Gland The pineal gland is located in the middle of the brain and it secretes a hormone alled melatonin and this regulates sleep patterns in the body. Reproductive glands In males the reproductive gland is the testes. It produces a hormone called testosterone which regulates the development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics. In females the reproductive gland is the ovaries. A hormone produces is estradiol which regulates the development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics. Another hormone produced is progesterone and this prepares the uterus for pregnancy and is involved in the regulation of the menstrual cycle in females. Pancreas The pancreas is also involved in secreting hormones around the body and also links with the digestive system as it secretes digestive and hydrolytic enzymes. The pancreas produces 3 hormones. Insulin: this is secreted from the beta-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and is secreted in reply to a raised blood glucose concentration. The effect of insulin is that is lowers blood glucose concentration to normal levels. The modes of action for this are that it stimulates the absorption of glucose from the blood by the muscle fibres, liver cells and adipose cells. How to cite The edocrine system, Papers

Exploring Breakdown In Global Virtual Teams -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Exploring Breakdown In Global Virtual Teams? Answer: Introduction Bloom et al. (2014) stated that communication plays a crucial role in the organization and through effective communication managers in the organizations perform their basic responsibilities. These responsibilities are leading and controlling people, planning strategies and organizing the resources in order to accomplish the organizational objectives. McChesney (2015) depict that communication promotes motivation as everyone can participate in a decision-making process. On the other hand, Den Hartog et al. (2013) affirm that communication helps people to share their concern with proper logic. Large firms use a different type of communication strategies like internal and external communication (Bloom et al., 2014). These companies also emphasize on both verbal and non-verbal communication approach for a better result. The prime aim of this business report is to discuss the communication process in a larger firm. Relevant examples of both excellent and poor communications occurred in big forms will also discussed along with types or forms of communication used in these firms. Moreover, the nature of the communications used in the firms will be compared and the factors for the success and failure of the opted communication methods will also be illustrated. The discussion will also comprise of the details of the approaches through which each selected communication method for the betterment of the organization. Lastly, an overall conclusion will be presented based on the entire discussion. Discussion and analysis of findings Hartley (2012) stated that in big firms the management should encourage every employee to share their concern. This will allow them to enhance their knowledge base and a best-optimized way to accomplish the organization objectives. Cornelissen and Cornelissen (2017) highlighted that conducting regular meeting is one of the most effective communication ways that is followed in big firms. This type of communication is also known as internal communication. The benefit of regular communication allows the employees to focus on the organizational goals and monitor their performance compared to that of the others. Castells (2013) highlight that lack of justifications and poor approach through written communication medium, adverse result can be obtained. Taken for instance, in the year 2013, Yahoos HR department send a mail to all their employees that no employee will be allowed for work from home. These employees either have to join the office or quit. Daim et al. (2012) stated that this incident raises disappointment among the employee as no prior notice was sent to the employees. The CEO of the organization denied that the company does not prefer to discuss internal matters. However, two months later, the memo holding such decision leaked in public. Bovee et al. (2016) thus depict that poorly written emails can disrupts the communication by distorting the information. Castells (2013) suggested that in written communication medium all the details regarding a decision should have to be present along with the reason for taking such actions. Communication Research Communication is the approach where a sender sends a message or information and then shares it with the receiver (Hartley, 2012). However, these messages are transmitted through several form of communication medium that are discussed below: Face-To-Face Communication Jiang et al. (2012) stated that this type of communication requires the physical presence of both sender and receiver and is also known as the oldest form of communication. This face-to-face communication can be accomplished through meetings, formal and informal gatherings. Cornelissen and Cornelissen (2017) depict that the advantage of this type of communication ensures high level of mutual understanding. Written Communication Not all the communication between the managers and the employee are done verbally. McChesney (2015) portrays that in some cases written form like formal letters, bulletin boards, business memos and posters are formulated. These forms of communication are mainly used for one-way communication. Wright et al. (2013) however argued that, the choice of words plays an important role to convey the message. Pictorial representation can also be used in order to make every employee understand regarding the new policy or new approaches. Web Conferencing Kear et al. (2012) depict that this is a recent used technique for communication where employee in distant place or onsite client can be contacted. This type of communication is not a direct face-to-face communication but message are conveyed directly in form of words. Ellingson and Notbohm (2012) stated that larger firms like multi-national companies use this method to know the status of the work. In this way, the employee also sense the feeling of being valued and they get motivation to outperform. Social Intranet Software Reilly and Hynan (2014) stated that in recent times, the traditional way to communicate with employee often fails due to lack of an easy way to connect together or communication breakdown among different departments. This adversity may also rise from missing documents during the process of communication and unclear orientation of the policy. Thus, larger firms like Vodafone use the concept of social intranet software that helps the organization to engage their employees through internet (Gustafsson et al., 2012). Group Messaging This way of communication is different from formal talking. Coombs (2014) stated that informal medium of communication like chat tools and group messaging allow employees to collaborate effectively. This medium of communication also ensures the teamwork even after the office hours (Reilly Hynan, 2014). Employees can share some ideas and solution to problem at anytime of the day with their team members. Communication Methodology Reilly and Hynan (2014) stated that face-to-face communication allow the people to share thoughts and ideas directly and a mutually agreed solution can be formed in real time. However, in case of mail or other written communication tool, there is a chance for employees to misunderstand the main motive behind the information. In such cases, the suggestion from other employees regarding the information and then reply from manager on the same took more time than face-to-face meetings. On the other hand, Bloom et al. (2014) stated that social media and personal chat system might allow employee to connect with the organization with interest. In this technological world, people spend 8 hours on average in social media sites as it promotes their interest to communicate with know people. However, McChesney (2015) argued that excess use of social media or personal chats and messaging tools might hamper the professionalism among the employees. Taken for instance, Yahoos employees felt disappointed when they received a sudden mail from their higher authorities without prior notice. These employees had been asked to shift to the office on the next day or the option for quitting the job was suggested to them. Coombs (2014) on the other hand highlight that companies like Vodafone developed social enterprise tool Circle. This circle allow the employee to share external behaviors in order to enhance the knowledge sharing. The benefit can be seen through the result that 15,000 unique users were identified over the next 12 months from the implementation of the circle. In recent times, Vodafones social enterprise tool Circle has 76,000 registered users (Kear et al., 2012). The factors that did not work for the company Yahoo are giving less value to the employees, poor choice of words and lack of determination to follow the organizational culture. Moreover, the communication option through the social circle in case of Vodafone proved to be a great success because they emphasize on employee brand alignment, value the recent trend to communicate with team members, employee involvement and Vodafones one team culture. Report Analysis The use of only written communication can never bring success and it does not allow two-way communication. Bovee et al. (2016) thus stated that formal communication through e-mails, newsletters and bulletins does not allow employees to make a quick reply. Hartley (2012) furthermore depict that even if an employee desires to state some recommendations in the taken strategies, it takes huge time to research on those points and then implement on the same. This also shows the lack of meeting prior taking the decision. Coombs (2014) argued that this approach thus results in lack of employee motivation and they may not perform their job roles with responsibility. This will furthermore lead to lower productivity and low brand recognition. On the other hand, considering employees will motivate them to remain associated with the organization. Involvement of employees in meetings or decision making process, allow them to feel an important asset for the organization (Wright et al., 2013). Jiang et al. (2012) also state that use of social media platform allows people to suggest ideas and encourage two-way communication. In this way, the employee will get the motivation to outperform and highlight them in front of other with effective ideas. This process also enhances the collaboration and work performance that further impacts the productivity. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded from the above discussion that a communication method is considered to be effective in an organization if more employees are satisfied through the medium. The communication form should be a two-way communication so that active discussion can be made. Examples of Yahoo and Vodafone are taken into consideration, whereas in the first case, a strict e-mail drives disappointment among the employee and in the second case, employee feel motivated to present ideas that enhance their collaborative work. It can also be said that in order to make the employee more satisfied, larger firms should adopt a recent and most preferred mode of communication. Reference List Bloom, N., Garicano, L., Sadun, R., Van Reenen, J. (2014). The distinct effects of information technology and communication technology on firm organization.Management Science,60(12), 2859-2885. Bove, C. L., Thill, J. V., Raina, R. L. (2016).Business communication today. Pearson Education India. Castells, M. (2013).Communication power. OUP Oxford. Coombs, W. T. (2014).Ongoing crisis communication: Planning, managing, and responding. Sage Publications. Cornelissen, J., Cornelissen, J. P. (2017).Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. Daim, T. U., Ha, A., Reutiman, S., Hughes, B., Pathak, U., Bynum, W., Bhatla, A. (2012). Exploring the communication breakdown in global virtual teams.International Journal of Project Management,30(2), 199-212. Den Hartog, D. N., Boon, C., Verburg, R. M., Croon, M. A. (2013). HRM, communication, satisfaction, and perceived performance: A cross-level test.Journal of management,39(6), 1637-1665. Ellingson, D. A., Notbohm, M. (2012). Synchronous distance education: using Web-conferencing in an MBA accounting course.American Journal of Business Education (Online),5(5), 555. Gustafsson, A., Kristensson, P., Witell, L. (2012). Customer co-creation in service innovation: a matter of communication?.Journal of Service Management,23(3), 311-327. Hartley, J. (2012).Communication, cultural and media studies: The key concepts. Routledge. Jiang, J., Dai, B., Peng, D., Zhu, C., Liu, L., Lu, C. (2012). Neural synchronization during face-to-face communication.Journal of Neuroscience,32(45), 16064-16069. Kear, K., Chetwynd, F., Williams, J., Donelan, H. (2012). Web conferencing for synchronous online tutorials: Perspectives of tutors using a new medium.Computers Education,58(3), 953-963. McChesney, R. W. (2015).Rich media, poor democracy: Communication politics in dubious times. New Press, The. Reilly, A. H., Hynan, K. A. (2014). Corporate communication, sustainability, and social media: It's not easy (really) being green.Business Horizons,57(6), 747-758. Wright, K. B., Rosenberg, J., Egbert, N., Ploeger, N. A., Bernard, D. R., King, S. (2013). Communication competence, social support, and depression among college students: a model of facebook and face-to-face support network influence.Journal of Health Communication,18(1), 41-57.

Morgan and Sunderlands Management Styles

Sunderland’s Management and work style Sunderland’s management style is a combination of autocratic. From the case study, it is evident that coworkers consider Sunderland’s management style to be formal but effective. A formal management style is autocratic and employees are required to completely follow instructions issued by the top management to the letter.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Morgan and Sunderland’s Management Styles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sunderland is described in the case study as â€Å"always setting expectations at the outset of a project† which have to be achieved. Sunderland uses the autocratic approach to ensure organizational project goals and objectives are achieved. According to the case study, Sunderland is highly valued because she ensures that project goals are achieved as required. Sunderland is described as having a â€Å"great str ategic mindset†, which implies that she is highly focused and inflexible. Sunderland’s autocratic management style provides her with a competitive edge in pushing for the development of the best ideas and products for the client. Her focus is on the best product that best suits the needs of the customer. She strives to be efficient in planning, organizing, and directing employees to provide the best solutions to the client. Sunderland is described as a â€Å"doer† in her working style. The case study describes Sunderland as a focused, inflexible, demanding, and a single minded person. Doers execute tasks with a lot of attention to detail, a description that Sunderland fits well into. Sunderland has a legitimate source of power because of the position she holds in the company. Her position is based on experience and professional qualifications which fit into the job description she holds. In addition, she holds expert power because of her skills, knowledge, and ex perience from previous positions held in other companies. She also holds coercive power which enables her to influence the people to perform according to the expectations of the customer. An assessment of Sunderland’s emotional intelligence shows her to be able to control her emotions. That is because she was able make decisions while keeping her emotions under control. Morgan’s Management and work style The case study shows Morgan’s management style to be informal and some aspects of the leisure’s faire approach. It is an informal approach that is evident from the relaxed atmosphere Morgan enjoys working in. In addition, Morgan endeavors to strike a balance between â€Å"competing interests and priorities†. Morgan provides support and gets involved in executing tasks, by working hand in hand with the employees.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Lear n More Morgan’s sources of power are legitimate, expert, and referent because of the position he holds in the company. Morgan was recruited to the position because of prior experience, knowledge, and academic qualifications. The source of Morgan’s expert power is the experience and knowledge he gained as a project manager in different companies before getting the current position. Evidence shows Morgan to be supportive, and partners with the employees, which shows that he has developed person connections with the people he works with, which qualifies him to have referent sources of power. Morgan’s work style is reflected in his ability to develop close working relationship with other employees and his dislike of Sunderland’s management style. Morgan is emphatic and ensures that he makes employees feel great. That is evident in from case study where Morgan says that he cannot â€Å"imagine working in the bureaucratic labyrinth of a large company† and continues to assert that he values an environment where â€Å"where everyone had a seat at the table†. Morgan likes a relaxed working environment, where he creates vision for the people, thinks outside the box, and deliberately tries new ideas to provide the best solution for the customer. Morgan’s emotional intelligence is based on a cognitive approach where he endeavors to reason with emotions. That is best illustrated in the stamen on how Sunderland understood Mike on the way he can â€Å"defend his ideas to the extreme and can get excessively argumentative when things don’t go his way†. That is in addition to the response Mike make to things that he is interested in, in this case, the interest Mike has in client details, and in understanding the strategic background of any training program to achieve the client’s training needs and organizational goals. What is going on Mike Morgan called Nunez who refused to take his phone calls because At ain’s account director was the only authorized person and only point of contact with Gramen. By giving a call to Nunez, mike was in direct breach of protocol or Attain’s communication policy, an act that could generate negative relationships with the client. Mike is rebellious because of â€Å"trying to challenge the client’s ideas and develop content that is outside the box†. Morgan wants to think outside the box by contacting the client directly.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Morgan and Sunderland’s Management Styles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Morgan seems to work outside the formal organizational structure of doing things and attempts to test new ideas without due consideration of the formal process of evaluating case studies. Morgan knew very well that his approach of solving client problems could not be in tandem with Sunderland’s strict formal manageme nt style. Morgan tried to contact Nunez to test and influence her to accept his unproven ideas which were based on an unproven and single case study, which Nunez had advised him to conduct further research on, to be able to make reliable conclusions. Morgan also likes challenging the ideas of Attain’s ideas and in this case, had gone further to contact Nunez directly to influence decision making. Morgan knew that Sunderland was not knowledgeable on the â€Å"impact sales and financial strategies had on working capital, day’s sales outstanding, and bad debt expenses†. Nunez called Sunderland because she was the only direct point of contact with the Gramen Equipment Company to inform her of the persistent calls from Morgan. She was professional and did not want to indulge in a breach of the formal organization of running the business. Sunderland vs Morgan The relationship between Morgan and Sunderland is not cordial. Sunderland has a strong inclination to authorit y and regard for the formal organizational structures. On the other hand, Morgan does not have a strong regard for the formal structure of organizations. Morgan does not value the formal reporting relationship existing in the organization and regards Sunderland to be harsh on him. She seems not to be flexible, but dictates terms in accordance with the client’s needs, a fact Morgan opposes. The strained relationship is further illustrated in the decision Sunderland makes to have a face-to-face meeting with Morgan instead of giving him a call and the contemplation of reporting the incident to Chama. Initiating positive change There is need for Sunderland to identify the need for change, the areas of conflict such as Morgan’s insubordination and the conflict between her and Morgan. Employees’ poor comprehension of Attain’s communication policy, employee roles and responsibilities, respect for authority, better working relationships between employees, and the need for all employees to work as a team toward achieving organizational goals and objectives.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To initiate positive change, it is important for Sunderland to define a clear change management strategy. The strategy should encompass the scope which includes the people who are affected. In this case, the people in the management hierarchy seem to be the source of conflicts, with the typical example being the conflict between Morgan and Sunderland. In addition, the conflict between the two parties seems to have created a group of employees loyal and positively regarding Morgan, while other employees regard Sunderland as being too hard and cruel on them. The tools and techniques used in bringing about change should include a definition of the scope, which in this case should cover the entire organization. Sunderland should clearly understand the size of change required the number of people to be affected, and decide if the change should be gradual or radical. According to the case study, the change should be gradual to ensure each member is prepared for change and understands the need for change not to make employees discontented with Sunderland’s management approach which could destroy their morale. It is also because different management styles are practiced by different leaders, which needs a participatory approach to change employee perceptions. Sunderland should identify areas that may lead to resistance to change, evaluate the value system that could be brought about because of initiating change, and understand the background of each employee. In particular Morgan’s background is critical in initiating a positive change in him regarding subordination to authority and compliance to organizational communication policies and other policies that might be created regarding employee interactions with clients. It is important for Sunderland to create a qualified change management team who understand the need for change. A communication plan is critical to create employee awareness on the need for change and in being part of the change process. E ach employee should be sufficiently made aware of the risks involved if change is not initiated and the reason for being part of the change process. To be effective, Sunderland should formulate a change management plan that factors different audiences, stakeholders, and the employees in general. Sunderland should start the positive change process by educating to level management team, then middle level managers and supervisors who could be at a better position of educating employees for the need for change. A training requirements document should be developed which provides precise and detailed management requirements, skills and knowledge requirements, and the need for each supervisor to develop specific training programs for change. It is important for the change to be effective in maximizing a return on investment, by identifying the impact that the change will bring to the organization in terms of its performance of the core business pursuits. At the end of the change process, S underland and the change management team should measure the impact caused by introducing new changes to the organization. The area of focus should be change in employee behavior which is the basis of making positive and effective changes. This case study on Morgan and Sunderland’s Management Styles was written and submitted by user Aylin Mason to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Using Effective Instructional Strategies

Using Effective Instructional Strategies Instructional strategies include all approaches that a teacher may take to engage students in the learning process actively. These strategies drive a teachers instruction as they work to meet specific learning objectives and ensure that their students are equipped with the tools they need to be successful. Effective instructional strategies meet all learning styles and the developmental needs of all learners. Teachers must be equipped with a well-rounded arsenal of effective instructional strategies to maximize their effectiveness and to increase student learning opportunities. Teachers are best served when they utilize a variety of instructional strategies as opposed to one or two. Variety ensures that students are never bored. It also ensures that students will likely be exposed to strategies that align with their preferred individualized learning style. Students will enjoy being taught with a variety of instructional strategies and are likely to stay engaged longer. Ultimately, a teacher should align the instructional strategies they are using with the students they are serving and the content they are teaching. Not every instructional strategy will be the perfect fit for every situation, so teachers must become adept at evaluating which strategy will be the best fit. Effective Instructional Strategies Popular instructional strategies include cloze reading, cooperative learning, hands-on learning activities, scaffolding, group instruction, self-assessment, thematic instruction, and word walls. New instructional strategies are being developed and implemented in classrooms on an almost daily basis. Instructional strategies can also be completely customized, meaning that they can be tweaked and configured to fit any situation. Two teachers can be using the same instructional strategy completely differently based on their own individual preferences and needs. Teachers should put their own creative spin on these instructional strategies to make them their own. 5 Ways to Boost Student Learning Instructional strategies provide a delivery mechanism for presenting great content. Instructional strategies are the how, and content is the what. In many cases, how you present the content is more important than what you present. Students latch onto content that is packaged in an interesting and engaging way. A lack of a great delivery system will fail to make connections with even the most interesting content.Instructional strategies provide teachers with the flexibility necessary to meet individual learning needs.  The sheer number of instructional strategies at a teachers disposal provides the flexibility to differentiate instruction. What works well for one group of students may not necessarily work well with another. Teachers must adapt to each group and utilize multiple instructional strategies to maximize their effectiveness.Instructional strategies can make teaching and learning fun. The majority of students learn best through active, engaging learning opportunities. Many instructional strategies embrace this and feature components that ensure learning is fun and engaging. Teachers must make every effort to feature instructional strategies that keep students engaged, on their toes, and wanting more. Instructional strategies, when used correctly, keep students from becoming bored with how they learn. When a teacher uses the same strategy over and over again, it becomes boring to students. This is a great way to cause students to lose focus and lose interest in learning.  When a teacher varies activities, changes them up, and uses a wide range of instructional strategies students stay engaged. This ultimately helps them learn more.Instructional strategies enhance instruction and boost learning. When teachers are continuously exploring and tweaking their delivery system, a beautiful thing happens. Over time, they become more effective at not only finding great instructional strategies but also with implementing them into their class. Likewise, when students are exposed to a variety of instructional strategies it broadens the scope of how they learn - essentially giving them multiple ways to process and learn new information.

Importamce of the eticks for the IT professionals Essay

Importamce of the eticks for the IT professionals - Essay Example The advent of technology has leaped mankind to a new level in almost every field of life, ranging from education to business, tourism to medicine. IT departments and computer professionals have grown to become one of the important assets of any organization since they have the power to drive the organization towards the attainment of an effective and structured infrastructure. IT professionals are known to be involved in different activities like development, analysis, design, implementation and maintenance pertaining to computer applications and hardware, as well as data mining and data warehousing techniques. The computer applications that are developed by IT professionals have an impact on their environment and society; some effects may not be as positive as the others. Therefore, it is important for the IT professionals to understand the magnitude of the probable effects of their creations so that they can aim to produce applications that benefit the society, rather than cause ha rm. Thomson and Schmoldt (2001) defined professional ethics as the concepts of doing good or bad, right or wrong; it involves the decision making aspects of any professional conduct. Computer ethics have gained much importance over the last two decades since many articles, journals and conferences discuss its relevance in the prevailing times. It has been attempted to be explained by many researchers, however, Bynum and Rogerson (1996) defined it comprehensively as the field of analysis that identifies the effects of information technology on the health, wealth, intellect, freedom, privacy, security and work of individuals in the society. Therefore it can be stated that computer ethics involve the effects on humans as well as on the society. Crnkovic (n.d) pointed out that an IT professional possesses the power to ‘create’; this power has to be exercised with greater responsibility since it influences people and their lives. The IT professionals should have strong ethic al mindsets to overcome the unjust temptations and continue to use their tools and platforms for the betterment of mankind. 2. Literature Review An IT professional maintains relationships with several figures including, employer, clients and society. Some conflicts of interest might rise among these entities; it is the responsibility of the IT professional to tackle the conflicts with ethical considerations. Keil (2008) categorized the ethical concerns of IT professionals as following: data protection, privacy and security, intellectual property and honesty. Moor (1998) stressed on the relevance of computer ethics by defining it as a ‘special field of ethical research’. He classified the area of computer ethics into two broad divisions; firstly, the social effects of the computer technology on humans and society, and secondly, the policies and standards that are formulated for the implication of computer ethics in different fields. He argued that there exists a ‘p olicy vacuum’ in the area of computer ethics. Moor (1985) also agreed with the minimal focus on formulation of policies of computer ethics on an international level. Few efforts that have been made in this respect have resulted in the development of ‘ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct’ (Association for Computing Machinery, 2011). The guideline compels the IT professionals to develop software that protect the users from health and safety threats. It discourages all actions that are aimed to intentionally destroy data or files that might be present in any individual’s system i.e. development of viruses. Computer ethics are also important so that due credit for the development of any software is given to the deserving side. ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct also promotes this notion and strictly prohibits any unauthorized replications or usage of programs or tools (Association for Computing Machinery, 2011). Weckert (1997) defined intellect ual prop

Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 16

Accounting - Essay Example First, there are numerous advantages of using marginal costing over absorption costing. It is easier to carry out the control and determination of production costs. This is through the management avoiding the arbitrary allocation of the fixed overhead costs thus having an achievement and maintenance of a uniform and marginal cost that is consistent (BANERJEE, 2006). Second, marginal costing helps in planning for short-term profit. This is through the easy demonstrations using the break-even charts and profit graphs. Unlike the absorption costing, comparative profitability can easily be assessed and hence be brought to the notice of the management so that there is decision making (Avis, 2009). Third, with the implementation of marginal costing, there is ready appreciation and assessment of the effects of the production policies and alternative sales. This ensures that there will be maximum yield to the business due to the decisions arrived. This gives it a notch higher than in using absorption costing (V., 2010). The method eliminates any large balances that are left in the overhead control accounts. This thus indicates that there is a difficulty in ascertaining the accurate recovery rate of overheads. With the elimination, it becomes easier to determine the accurate overhead rate of recovery (Drury, 2007). On the other hand, there are the disadvantages of using marginal costing over the absorption costing technique. First, there is difficulty in separating costs into the fixed and variable costs. This is because, in the long run, all costs are variable. Such classification may sometimes lead to misleading results to the cyber firm (Hill, 2012). Second, under the marginal costing, stocks and the work in progress are usually understated. The exclusion of fixed costs, especially from the inventory, affects the profit. With this, the true and fair view of the

Concepts in Nursing Research Methods

Concepts in Nursing Research Methods Critique criteria The criteria used for this critique were derived from relevant nursing literature (Feninstein Horwitz, 1997; Cormack, 2000; Khan et al, 2003). About a dozen criteria were specified: design, sample, inclusion/exclusion criteria, time frame of study, data collection, reliability validity, and data analysis. Study Design Catlette (2005) used a qualitative design. While this approach has its merits, principally a greater degree of realism and richer data, it has a number of significant drawbacks (Coolican, 1994). Observations are typically unreliable. In other words, if the same nurses were interviewed on several different occasions, about workplace violence, using the same open-ended interview protocol, their responses may vary somewhat. Various biases creep in, often caused by situational factors (e.g. open-ended questions, a very violent week followed by a particularly calm week), or personal considerations (e.g. memory deficits). Furthermore there is low internal validity. This means that it is difficult to establish with any certainty the relationship between variables, due to the lack of statistical analysis (which can estimate the probability that results occurred by chance). For example, Catlettes interview data suggests a link between workplace violence and feelings of vulnerability amongst n urses. However, the extent to which the former variable causes the latter cannot be reliably established in a qualitative study. Winstanley and Whittington (2004) enjoy the precision of a quantitative design. While internal validity is high, the level of realism is questionable. Participants were ‘forced’ to respond to predetermined questions (e.g. on physical assault) using a fixed response format (e.g. ‘Once’, ‘More than once’). Thus, the data obtained was heavily influenced by the kind of questions asked and the particular response format used. In the real world, health care staff may perceive the level of aggression in terms that don’t match the questionnaire format. For example, a nurse may perceive physical assaults as ‘sporadic’ or ‘once in a blue moon’. Since these categorisations weren’t available in the questionnaire, the study effectively lacks a certain degree of realism. In a qualitative desi gn, subjects describe the world as they see it, rather than via terms imposed by the researcher. Sample Ideally a sample should be randomly selected so that it is representative of the population from which it was drawn, in this case nurses or health care professionals. This allows findings from a single study to be generalised to the wider community. Catlette (2005) used a convenience sample, meaning it wasn’t representative of nurses in general. Granted there are considerable practical and logistic difficulties in trying to recruit a random sample of nurses. Their busy schedules and irregular shifts, for example, hamper proper scientific selection. It is also quite common for small convenience samples to be used in qualitative studies, since it is often impractical to conduct in-depth interviews with large groups. Nevertheless, Catlette’s findings, while relevant to the particular trauma centres involved, are unlikely to apply to nurses in general. This is a serious limitation, since Catlettes stated objectives suggest a general interest in the level of violence in hosp ital emergency departments, rather than the particular trauma units from which subjects were drawn. Winstanley and Whittington (2004) also appear to have a used a convenience sample: they simply invited health care staff working in a general hospital, and who had regular contact with patients, to participate. Although the target sample was quite large (a bigger sample improves representation), only a minority of staff actually completed and returned questionnaires. All in all, participants weren’t recruited randomly, therefore the findings cannot be generalised to the wider population of health care staff. Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria Both studies seemed to have clear inclusion/exclusion criteria. Catlette (2005) only recruited and interviewed nurses who were registered, worked in a level 1 trauma centre, and had experienced workplace violence. A clear definition of what constituted violence was developed, helping to minimise any ambiguities about eligibility. Winstanley and Whittington (2004) also specify inclusion criteria. Only health care staff that had regular and substantial contact with patients were invited to participate. What constituted ‘regular’ and ‘substantial’ contact was well defined (e.g. daily contact with patients). The advantage of having clear inclusion/exclusion criteria is that it helps the researcher recruit a homogenous sample. If the participants in a study are too diverse, this effectively introduces additional sources of error that may obscure interesting themes, or relationships between variables. Findings may be more difficult to interpret. However, a major d isadvantage of a homogenous sample is that it is invariably ‘ad-hoc’, that is special or unique, and hence unlikely to reflect the wider community. Nevertheless, it can be argued that sample homogeneity isn’t problematic if the wider community of interest exactly matches the inclusion/exclusion criteria. For example, Winstanley and Whittington’s (2004) study was about patient aggression towards health care staff. Thus, the population of interest was invariably going to be staff that had regular contact with patients. In this respect the sample selected corresponds with the population of interest. However, randomly selecting nurses from the designate population would have provided a representative sample that permits useful generalisations. Simply using volunteers, as Winstanley and Whittington did is unscientific. Time frame of study Winstanley and Whittington’s (2004) study was effectively a retrospective (i.e. cross-sectional) survey. This means that data was collected at one point in time, specifically an 8-week period. Retrospective designs are considered inferior to prospective (i.e. longitudinal) designs in which data is collected on two or more occasions, over several weeks, months, or even years (Coolican, 2004). This method allows tentative causal inferences to be made – if a variable measured at Time 1 predicts or correlates with a factor measured at Time 2, then there is a possibility that former variable affected the latter, but not vice versa. Retrospective designs don’t allow for such inferences. Any correlations between variables are just that – correlations! There is no sequence that may help delineate possible causality. For example, in their introduction and statements of study aims, Winstanley and Whittington imply that particular professions (e.g. nurses, doctors) a nd hospital departments (e.g. medical, A E) may elicit different levels of physical aggression experienced by staff. Thus, profession/department seemed to be conceptualised as causal factors. However, although data analysis revealed relationships between these factors and physical aggression, there is no provision in the retrospective design to infer causality, since all the variables are measured simultaneously. A prospective method in which profession/department predicts experiences of physical assault several weeks subsequently would be more conclusive. Catlette (2005) doesn’t explicitly state the time frame for her study, albeit interviews typically take several days, weeks, or perhaps months to complete. Notions of prospective and retrospective designs are typically associated with quantitative studies, and rarely applied to qualitative research. This is because qualitative studies are often exploratory, merely seeking to identify interesting phenomena rather than estab lish causal relationships between variables. Nevertheless, interviewing participants on two or more separate occasions can be used to demonstrate the robustness and reliability of any themes observed. For example, if the same themes emerge during interviews conducted at two different points in time, this would suggest that the themes are significant rather than fleeting. Data Collection Catlette (2005) appears to have used semi-structured interviews for data collection (Coolican, 1994). By asking every interviewee pre-set but open-ended questions in a particular sequence, she avoided the inconsistency and sloppiness often associated with wholly unstructured (i.e. casual) interviews. It is possible the interviews were informal but guided, meaning that pre-set questions were asked, albeit in no particular order. Either way, a guided or semi-structured interview suffers from certain constraints. Asking specific questions, albeit open-minded ones, restricts the interviewers flexibility to ask follow-up questions depending on the interviewees response. Interviews are also heavily affected by interpersonal factors, such as lack of rapport, physical attraction, and psychological manipulation. Winstanley and Whittington (2004) collected data via a questionnaire. This method has a number of limitations. One is the typically low response rate. Of 1141 questionnaires posted ou t to participants, only 375 (33%) were returned, denoting a considerable waste of resources. Often the questionnaires returned represent an unusually keen sub-sample that may differ in key respects from the original target group. This means that the researcher has to devote time and resources establishing what these differences are, and how they might affect the results. Furthermore, because the final sample is smaller, statistical power is reduced, increasing the possibility of a type II error. Another limitation of questionnaires is the use of restricted (or ‘forced choice’) response format. For example, subjects in Winstanley and Whittingtons’ (2004) study were forced to choose from three options – ‘none’, ‘one’ or ‘more than one’. Thus, there is no room for participants to qualify their answers, for example by pointing out memory lapses (e.g. ‘I can’t remember’), or indicating ambiguous experie nces (e.g. ‘not sure’). All in all, these restrictions reduce the realism and richness of data collected. Interviewing subjects on the same issues, but using open-ended questions, will probably yield slight different outcomes to those reported by Winstanley and Whittington (2004). Another limitation is that the bulk of questionnaire communication is written. There is no provision to measure visual cues and gestures, which typically account for much of human communication, or even auditory cues. For example, a frown or grunt, may signify a particularly traumatising experiencing, which simply can’t be detected from questionnaire responses. Finally, questionnaires are often completed in the absence of the researcher (e.g. postal questionnaire), making it difficult to supervise the proceedings, or verify whether the subject is the same person who completed the questionnaire. Overall, these constraints negate the conclusiveness of Winstanley and Whittington’s ( 2004) findings. Data Analysis In line with standard procedure in qualitative research Catlette (2005) performed thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns in the data. Meaningful information was extracted from the interview transcripts, after which themes were identified using a coding system. Although a highly useful procedure, Braun and Clarke (2006) note that thematic analysis has certain disadvantages. One is the possible overlap between themes. Catlette identifies two themes – vulnerability and inadequate safety measures. Categories, and subcategories reported suggest considerable overlap between these dimensions (e.g. the sentiment ‘feeling unsafe’ may depict both feelings of vulnerability and an unsafe environment). Another weakness is the high correspondence between the data collection questions (i.e. interview guide) and themes identified. In other words, the themes reported merely reflect the questions asked during the interview (e.g. questions on safety, such as â€Å"How do you feel about the safety of your workplace?† are bound to produce safety-related responses, and hence themes). This suggests very limited analytic work was done to identify themes independent of the interview format. Another shortcoming of thematic analysis is failure to incorporate alternative or contradictive data in the results reported. Catlette offers little if any account of oddities in the data that don’t necessarily fit the two emerging themes. For example, the interviews revealed that violence wasn’t a concern during interactions with co-workers. Clearly this revelation is incompatible with the notion of vulnerability and lack of safety in the workplace. Yet, little is made of this inconsistency, making Catlettes’ rather ‘tidy’ themes appear rather suspicious. Few data sets in qualitative research are completely harmonious with no contradictions, so a study that fails to report these oddities is highly questionable. Winstanley and Wh ittington (2004) employed an inferential statistical test to analysis their data, consistent with the quantitative design of their study. Chi-square was used to test for significant trends in the frequency of physical assaults as a function of different health care professionals (e.g. nurses and doctors) and hospital departments (e.g. medical, surgical, A E). Chi-square was appropriate given that the data was categorical (i.e. in the form of frequencies). However, as a non-parametric test, chi-square lacks sensitivity. This combined with the limitations of frequency data (e.g. it fails to account for subtle degrees of variation between individual subjects or groups; for example, asking nurses if they’ve experienced aggression ‘once’ or ‘more than once’ fails to take into account any differences in the intensity and duration of these aggressive episodes), increases the risk of wrongly accepting the null-hypothesis. Reliability Validity A major methodological concern in scientific research is reliability and validity. Reliability refers to the consistency of observations, while validity depicts the authenticity of observations. Both issues are particularly pertinent in qualitative studies, due to the lack of structure, precision, and quantification. Catlette (2005) appears to have taken steps to enhance reliability/validity. She kept a journal throughout the duration of the study, in order to identify any biases that may corrupt the data. Interviews were conducted using a standard protocol, then the data was transcribed verbatim, and analysed using regular procedures. However, these measures may be inadequate. Coolican (1994) identifies several procedures for ensuring good reliability, none of which appears to have been used by Catlette: triangulation, analysis of negative cases, repetition of research cycle, and participant consultation. Triangulation involves verifying emerging themes using another data collection method other than open-ended interviews. For example a questionnaire measure of perceived workplace violence and safety strategies could have been administered or close-ended interviews conducted. Data from these alternative methods could then be compared with the original observations to gauge the degree of consistency in emerging themes. Analysis of negative cases involves scrutinising cases that don’t fit the emerging themes. Repetition of research cycle entails repeatedly reviewing assumptions and inferences, to further verify emerging themes. Finally participant consultation involves communicating with participants to see if observations from the study match their own experiences. None of these measures seem to have been applied in Catlette’s study, raising serious concerns about the stability and authenticity of her observations. Winstanley and Whittington’s’ (2004) study doesn’t appear to have fared much better. Although the numerical preci sion inherent in quantitative designs offers some degree of reliability and validity, this is by no means guaranteed, and has to be demonstrated empirically. They fail to report any Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficients for the questionnaire used. Thus, it is unclear if the items in this instrument were internally consistent. Test-retest reliability wasn’t reported either, again raising questions about the consistency of participants responses over time. A badly designed questionnaire (e.g. one with ambiguous statements, or grammatical errors) could easily confuse participants, leading to irregularities in their responses over time. No information on validity is provided either. Normally, validity could be demonstrated by correlating data from the questionnaire with data from another measure of experiences of aggression (a high correlation would indicate good validity), submitting the questionnaire to a team of judges to ascertain if the content addresses all forms of human aggression (e.g. indirect forms of aggression, such as spreading rumours or social exclusion don’t appear to have been assessed), and even performing factor analysis to establish construct validity (i.e. verify the dimensions of aggression assumed to be measured by items in the questionnaire). These inadequacies render the findings from Winstanley and Whittington’s (2004) study inconclusive. For example, the claim that aggression is â€Å"widespread† is questionable because not all forms of aggression were measured. Overall, both studies are fairly categorical in their conclusions. Winstanley and Whittington (2004) surmise that their data demonstrates the significant levels of aggression to which hospital staff are exposed. Catlette (2005) reaches a similar conclusion, emphasising the vulnerability and lack of safety perceived by nurses. However, both studies suffer from various analytic and methodological constraints. Perhaps the most serious of these is the apparent absence of reliability and validity measures that may reveal any volatility or misrepresentations in the data. These limitations mean that any conclusions have to be regarded as tentative, subject to further research. Bibliography Braun, V. Clarke, V. (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative  Research in Psychology, 3, pp.77-101. Catlette, M. (2005) A descriptive study of the perceptions of workplace violence and  safety strategies of nurses working in Level I trauma centres. Journal of  Emergency Nursing, 31, 519-525. Coolican, H. (1994) Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology, London, Hodder   Stoughton. Cormack, D. (2000) The Research Process in Nursing: Fourth Edition. London:  Blackwell Science. Eastabrooks, C.A. (1998) Will evidence-based nursing practice make practice perfect.  Canadian Journal of Nursing Research. 30, pp.15-36. Feninstein, A. R., Horwitz, R. I. (1997) Problems in the evidence of evidence-based medicine. American Journal of Medicine 103, 529-535. Khan, K., Kunz, R., Kleijnen, J. Antes, G. (2003) Systematic Reviews to Support  Evidence-based Medicine: How to Review and Apply Findings of Healthcare  Research. Oxford: Royal Society of Medicine Press. Winstanley, S. Whittington, R. (2004) Aggression towards health care staff in a UK  general hospital: variation among professions and departments. Journal of  Clinical Nursing, 13, pp.3-10.

Macbeths tragic insanity Essay -- William Shakespeare

Insanity is defined as â€Å"[the] inability to understand the nature and consequences of one's acts or of events, matters, or proceedings in which one is involved.† In William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the protagonist turned antagonist, Macbeth, was once â€Å"valour’s minion† (I.ii.16) a loyal and devoted nobleman of Scotland. However, he commits a heinous act of regicide in order to ascend the throne, only to become a tyrant who in the end was regarded as nothing but a â€Å"dead butcher† (V.ix.35). Macbeth was unarguably sane in the beginning of the play, however, at the end of the play its unclear whether or not Macbeth truly was a â€Å"deranged blood hound† (V.ii.32), or if he was still acting on his own accord. Critics may say that this â€Å"Bloody sceptered tyrant† (IV.iii.95), who murdered innocent people indiscriminately through the novel befell the holds of insanity, but in truth, Macbeth, whether for better or for worse, ne ver was truly driven insane. An attribute of insanity was previously defined as the inability to understand the consequences of one’s acts or events around one, which furthers the argument that Macbeth was sane. When Macbeth, due to his insecurity of his position as king starts eliminating his enemies, he does display a certain degree of incomprehension towards the consequences of his actions, saying â€Å"the very firstlings of my heart shall be/The firstlings of my hand† (IV.i.157-158). However, the very fact that he says he will not take into account what he thinks (such as the consequences of his actions), shows that he indeed does still have the ability to understand the consequences of his actions, hence he is not insane. Towards the end of the book is where Macbeth’s sanity is questioned most. One such question arises up... ... towards Macduff, this not only shows Macbeth’s guilt at having committed such a horrible crime towards Macduff, but also has an inkling of a conscience. From Macbeth’s comprehension of the events taking place around him to his repentance to his conscience, its unarguable that Macbeth at the end of the play was insane. From the beginning, Macbeth fabricates his own demise, eventually going on to control his fate right up till his ruinous end. Once a good, and loyal noble man of Scotland, Macbeth, was driven to by whatever motivation to commit acts of such malice, such cowardice and of such malevolence that it’s an insult to the memory of those whose lives were taken by him, to classify him as merely a ‘deranged hell hound’. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Warstine. New York: Washington Press, 1992.

Wealth and Money

If you wanted to get rich, how would you do it? I think your best bet would be to start or join a startup. That's been a reliable way to get rich for hundreds of years. The word â€Å"startup† dates from the 1960s, but what happens in one is very similar to the venture-backed trading voyages of the Middle Ages. Startups usually involve technology, so much so that the phrase â€Å"high-tech startup† is almost redundant. A startup is a small company that takes on a hard technical problem. Lots of people get rich knowing nothing more than that.You don't have to know physics to be a good pitcher. But I think it could give you an edge to understand the underlying principles. Why do startups have to be small? Will a startup inevitably stop being a startup as it grows larger? And why do they so often work on developing new technology? Why are there so many startups selling new drugs or computer software, and none selling corn oil or laundry detergent? The Proposition Economica lly, you can think of a startup as a way to compress your whole working life into a few years.Instead of working at a low intensity for forty years, you work as hard as you possibly can for four. This pays especially well in technology, where you earn a premium for working fast. Here is a brief sketch of the economic proposition. If you're a good hacker in your mid twenties, you can get a job paying about $80,000 per year. So on average such a hacker must be able to do at least $80,000 worth of work per year for the company just to break even. You could probably work twice as many hours as a corporate employee, and if you focus you can probably get three times as much done in an hour. 1] You should get another multiple of two, at least, by eliminating the drag of the pointy-haired middle manager who would be your boss in a big company. Then there is one more multiple: how much smarter are you than your job description expects you to be? Suppose another multiple of three. Combine all these multipliers, and I'm claiming you could be 36 times more productive than you're expected to be in a random corporate job. [2] If a fairly good hacker is worth $80,000 a year at a big company, then a smart hacker working very hard without any corporate bullshit to slow him down should be able to do work worth about $3 million a year.Like all back-of-the-envelope calculations, this one has a lot of wiggle room. I wouldn't try to defend the actual numbers. But I stand by the structure of the calculation. I'm not claiming the multiplier is precisely 36, but it is certainly more than 10, and probably rarely as high as 100. If $3 million a year seems high, remember that we're talking about the limit case: the case where you not only have zero leisure time but indeed work so hard that you endanger your health. Startups are not magic. They don't change the laws of wealth creation. They just represent a point at the far end of the curve.There is a conservation law at work here: if you want to make a million dollars, you have to endure a million dollars' worth of pain. For example, one way to make a million dollars would be to work for the Post Office your whole life, and save every penny of your salary. Imagine the stress of working for the Post Office for fifty years. In a startup you compress all this stress into three or four years. You do tend to get a certain bulk discount if you buy the economy-size pain, but you can't evade the fundamental conservation law. If starting a startup were easy, everyone would do it.Millions, not Billions If $3 million a year seems high to some people, it will seem low to others. Three million? How do I get to be a billionaire, like Bill Gates? So let's get Bill Gates out of the way right now. It's not a good idea to use famous rich people as examples, because the press only write about the very richest, and these tend to be outliers. Bill Gates is a smart, determined, and hardworking man, but you need more than that to make as much money as he has. You also need to be very lucky. There is a large random factor in the success of any company.So the guys you end up reading about in the papers are the ones who are very smart, totally dedicated, and win the lottery. Certainly Bill is smart and dedicated, but Microsoft also happens to have been the beneficiary of one of the most spectacular blunders in the history of business: the licensing deal for DOS. No doubt Bill did everything he could to steer IBM into making that blunder, and he has done an excellent job of exploiting it, but if there had been one person with a brain on IBM's side, Microsoft's future would have been very different.Microsoft at that stage had little leverage over IBM. They were effectively a component supplier. If IBM had required an exclusive license, as they should have, Microsoft would still have signed the deal. It would still have meant a lot of money for them, and IBM could easily have gotten an operating system elsewhere. Instead IBM ended up using all its power in the market to give Microsoft control of the PC standard. From that point, all Microsoft had to do was execute. They never had to bet the company on a bold decision.All they had to do was play hardball with licensees and copy more innovative products reasonably promptly. If IBM hadn't made this mistake, Microsoft would still have been a successful company, but it could not have grown so big so fast. Bill Gates would be rich, but he'd be somewhere near the bottom of the Forbes 400 with the other guys his age. There are a lot of ways to get rich, and this essay is about only one of them. This essay is about how to make money by creating wealth and getting paid for it.There are plenty of other ways to get money, including chance, speculation, marriage, inheritance, theft, extortion, fraud, monopoly, graft, lobbying, counterfeiting, and prospecting. Most of the greatest fortunes have probably involved several of these. The advantage of creating wealth , as a way to get rich, is not just that it's more legitimate (many of the other methods are now illegal) but that it's more straightforward. You just have to do something people want. Money Is Not Wealth If you want to create wealth, it will help to understand what it is.Wealth is not the same thing as money. [3] Wealth is as old as human history. Far older, in fact; ants have wealth. Money is a comparatively recent invention. Wealth is the fundamental thing. Wealth is stuff we want: food, clothes, houses, cars, gadgets, travel to interesting places, and so on. You can have wealth without having money. If you had a magic machine that could on command make you a car or cook you dinner or do your laundry, or do anything else you wanted, you wouldn't need money.Whereas if you were in the middle of Antarctica, where there is nothing to buy, it wouldn't matter how much money you had. Wealth is what you want, not money. But if wealth is the important thing, why does everyone talk about m aking money? It is a kind of shorthand: money is a way of moving wealth, and in practice they are usually interchangeable. But they are not the same thing, and unless you plan to get rich by counterfeiting, talking about making money can make it harder to understand how to make money. Money is a side effect of specialization.In a specialized society, most of the things you need, you can't make for yourself. If you want a potato or a pencil or a place to live, you have to get it from someone else. How do you get the person who grows the potatoes to give you some? By giving him something he wants in return. But you can't get very far by trading things directly with the people who need them. If you make violins, and none of the local farmers wants one, how will you eat? The solution societies find, as they get more specialized, is to make the trade into a two-step process.Instead of trading violins directly for potatoes, you trade violins for, say, silver, which you can then trade agai n for anything else you need. The intermediate stuff– the medium of exchange– can be anything that's rare and portable. Historically metals have been the most common, but recently we've been using a medium of exchange, called the dollar, that doesn't physically exist. It works as a medium of exchange, however, because its rarity is guaranteed by the U. S. Government. The advantage of a medium of exchange is that it makes trade work.The disadvantage is that it tends to obscure what trade really means. People think that what a business does is make money. But money is just the intermediate stage– just a shorthand– for whatever people want. What most businesses really do is make wealth. They do something people want. [4] The Pie Fallacy A surprising number of people retain from childhood the idea that there is a fixed amount of wealth in the world. There is, in any normal family, a fixed amount of money at any moment. But that's not the same thing.When wealt h is talked about in this context, it is often described as a pie. â€Å"You can't make the pie larger,† say politicians. When you're talking about the amount of money in one family's bank account, or the amount available to a government from one year's tax revenue, this is true. If one person gets more, someone else has to get less. I can remember believing, as a child, that if a few rich people had all the money, it left less for everyone else. Many people seem to continue to believe something like this well into adulthood.This fallacy is usually there in the background when you hear someone talking about how x percent of the population have y percent of the wealth. If you plan to start a startup, then whether you realize it or not, you're planning to disprove the Pie Fallacy. What leads people astray here is the abstraction of money. Money is not wealth. It's just something we use to move wealth around. So although there may be, in certain specific moments (like your famil y, this month) a fixed amount of money available to trade with other people for things you want, there is not a fixed amount of wealth in the world.You can make more wealth. Wealth has been getting created and destroyed (but on balance, created) for all of human history. Suppose you own a beat-up old car. Instead of sitting on your butt next summer, you could spend the time restoring your car to pristine condition. In doing so you create wealth. The world is– and you specifically are– one pristine old car the richer. And not just in some metaphorical way. If you sell your car, you'll get more for it. In restoring your old car you have made yourself richer. You haven't made anyone else poorer.So there is obviously not a fixed pie. And in fact, when you look at it this way, you wonder why anyone would think there was. [5] Kids know, without knowing they know, that they can create wealth. If you need to give someone a present and don't have any money, you make one. But ki ds are so bad at making things that they consider home-made presents to be a distinct, inferior, sort of thing to store-bought ones– a mere expression of the proverbial thought that counts. And indeed, the lumpy ashtrays we made for our parents did not have much of a resale market.